​1. Rapid Summary
​Hyperkalemia occurs when the serum potassium level rises above 5.0 mEq/L. Because potassium is the primary …
​1. Rapid Summary
​Hypokalemia occurs when the serum potassium level falls below 3.5 mEq/L. Because potassium is the dominant …
​1. Rapid Summary
​Hypernatremia occurs when the serum sodium level rises above 145 mEq/L. Because sodium is the dominant …
​1. Rapid Summary
​Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium level drops below 135 mEq/L. Because sodium is the primary …
1. Rapid Summary
​Calcium (Ca2+) is a critical extracellular cation stored primarily (99%) in the skeletal system. The remaining …
​1. Rapid Summary
​Magnesium (Mg2+) is the second most abundant intracellular cation and serves as a vital neuromuscular regulator. …
1. Rapid Summary
​Fluid Volume Excess (FVE), or hypervolemia, occurs when there is an isotonic retention of water and …
1. Rapid Summary
​Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD), or hypovolemia, occurs when the body loses water and electrolytes from the …